With the many problems that p-values have, and the temptation to “bless” research when the p-value falls below an arbitrary threshold such as 0.05 or 0.005, researchers using p-values should at least be fully aware of what they are getting. They need to know exactly what a p-value means and what are the assumptions required for it to have that meaning. ♦ A p-value is the probability of getting, in another study, a test statistic that is moreextreme than the one obtained in your study if a series of assumptions hold. It is strictly a probability about data, not a probability about a hypothesis or about the effect of a variable.
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